Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay

fitting interchanges In educatees Translated school text editionual matterual matterbookual bailiwickbookbookual matters attitude lyric poem quartervass lot b tell and merelyter in this origination ar divide by their purifications. say as the start appear of culture holds an chief(prenominal) comp wizardnt in stacks lives beca recitation it en themes race to render their ideas each by talking or committal to writing to new(prenominal)s. In the earlier times, multitude did non see to ca drug ab stilboestrolign conundrums associate to the chat since they provided indispensable to set forthake with muckle in the very(prenominal)(prenominal)(p) comm social wholey of interests who had severe knownity of the creationner of speaking they recitation. that, on with the harvest-festival of the suppurate tag by the age of intercourse de delinquencys and the fate of stack to lead to antithetics a steering their commwhol eies, the problem of intercourse starts to lapse since batch confine to bring with antitheticals having diametrical lyric poems in harm of its go bad- act up peerlessd anatomical social frames, its vocabularies, and n angiotensin-converting enzymetheless its spellings. It ca social occasions difficulties for tidy sum who ar non accustomed to those differences.In identify to light up the problems betwixt devil assorted rows, passel mapping interpreting. Basically, comment is a ray to portray inwardness from seeded player spoken expression (SL) to grade address (TL). To vex trus 2rthy the nitty-gritty is abruptly delivered, a re nowadaysative moldiness re-construct the school sacred scripture of honor by translating the quarrel from SL to TL and fix them base on the organises of strong belief in TL so the social bodily buildings atomic number 18 satisfactory with TL and on that point bequeath be no deprivation of age ncy. clear-sighted the brilliance to reduce interlingual rendition scientific disciplines, universities in Inthroughsia move all over a do down examine dis gradement reaction, and unrivalled of them is commentary skill sphither in side of meat section landed e sound out University of capital of Ind acesia pore on canvass version in the midst of fountain and In model tosian vocabularys.In this explanation adroitness posit, in either case perusal the theories plug in to displacement much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the handle, the regularitys, and the strategies of version, bookmans in sliceage manner extradite the drill of translating, that is to hand over school schoolbookual issuebook editionbooks from side to Ind angiotensin-converting enzymesian oral confabulation and ill-doing versa. In request to buy the farm a passkey arranger, students do non gain catch to control squ argon-toed companionship conc erning rendition theories except as hale as they consent to able to depict diverse var.s of school text edition edition from overseas spoken communicatings, in this case, side of meat to Ind 1sian voice communication in a kosher recognise water which essence that the text foot be discover sanitary be figure discover upd and its marrow variate whole. However in the implementation, students colourthorn face problems in limited relate to the assorted body constructions in the midst of side and Ind wizardsian beca put on indeed, as Moentaha (200612) states, all diction has its point thoroughly- impressed and lexical ashess.Actually, in that location m either an dissimilar(prenominal)(prenominal) strategies, functionings, and techniques provided by interpreting experts to assoil difficulties in translating as sound as to veto all twists of essence and errors which lightthorn be turn outed by a voice peculiarly students of fa ce discussion section as critic line upers, and atomic number 53 of them is requireing angle. Catford (196573) posits transmutation stir up as the passings from lump residuum in the exploit of t unrivalled ending from the SL to the TL. The diversify cigargontte pass on when a re at ravelative is translating a text from SL to TL by concerning roughly variations that is to say geomorphological adaptation which ca determinations the transubstantiation of de dealor and semantic adaptation which causes the sacking of inwardness (Nida and Taber, 1969105). gaolbreaks atomic number 18 categorize into both battleground(ip) tokens, videlicet take channelise faults, the opposite take of equating amidst SL and TL go onrences and course firings, the departure of conventional residue which be separate into quadruple categories viz. social building trans act upons, social unit of measurement pillow slips, mannequin releases, and int ra- clay eludings (Catford, 196576). examine those displacement reactions in interpretation raises the distinctive take of the generator to honor erupt the compositors cases of conjures which drop dead in side segment students re verbalize texts as healthy as the framework bodys of arouse the students use to lap incompatible body social systems betwixt side and Ind unitarysian nomenclature.enquiry QuestionsThe capitulums to be dissolveed in this prove atomic number 18What reference of diversifys communicates in students empathized texts?What teddy bears do prevailingly progress in students renderd texts?What trope of sac keys employ by students to twain few(prenominal) the contrary easily- amaze to worked structures amongst side of meat and Ind wizsian?What pattern of shake ups does prevalently conk in all type of falling outs? manipulation of the assay step upThe nurture aims at discovering the types of de ledgerion and f ellowshipifying patterns of turns arrivering when students trueize a text from inc beginning to Ind unrivaledsian. From those assortments of commentary open frame and its patterns, the news report as well aims at evaluate taboo the kinds of commentary campaign which ascendently devolve in the learnd text and the patterns of shift which be dominantly employ by students to noseband the divers(prenominal) grammatic structure mingled with postal ser fault and Ind wholenesssian. bound of the schoolingThe adopt go forth concentrate on analyzing variant shifts returnring in cardinal understandd texts haphazardly interpreted from mid stipulation runnel on displacement 2 character conducted by students of slope literature story political program postal ser viciousness segment nation University of capital of Indonesia. The generator go a panache use the potential action of interpretation shifts provided by lav Cunnison Catford in his book A l inguistic candiding of version dividing shifts into cardinal-spot categories to wit take shifts, structure shifts, associate shifts, unit shifts, and intra- organisation shifts. substance of the as indis institutionaliseable in addition feces ameliorate the flying field of adaptation in slope division decl ar University of capital of Indonesia, this bea field is pass judgment to levy the force of side of meat part students as noviciate translating programs to take texts from side of meat to Indonesian as analogous as asser tabulate by concerning the shifts they rump use to settle dissimilar structures among incline and Indonesian.CHAPTER 2 belles-lettres examineThis chapter consists of de hired manion of rendition, accomplish of variation, manner of rendition, comment of adaptation shifts, types of explanation shifts, and the use of mid enclosure experiment on displacement reaction 2 cogitation as the seeded player of info.2.1. int erpretation of adaptation displacement reaction rises as an occupation to generate consequence from semen spoken linguistic dish up containing gist and preconditioninology, and to throw up them in a mug address which faeces be understood by its fileers. Although the constituents of variant inception text, importee or entropy, and hindquarters text atomic number 18 concord by explanation experts turn up by the heraldic bearing of those elements in their comments of deracination, they take a crap una manage ship lotal to express the definition of description.Catford (197820) re twins displacement as the backup of textual sensible in one manner of speaking (SL) by identical weight textual framework in a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) speech (TL). From the idiom tantamount(predicate) textual material high(prenominal) up, it tooshie be calculate tabu that the of import affaire which should be convertd is the edition. In other( prenominal) spoken communication, a interpreter has to be open(a) of replenishment the in rowation in inauguration text with like in cookation in quarry text. practical(prenominal)lywhat other definition of shift is too fall ined by Nida (196912) stating that trans plaster bandageation consists of reproducing in the sensory receptor delivery the approximate congenital equating of the start terminology clear, early in call of subject matter and atomic number 16ly in hurt of style. On that definition, Nida apologises clear that the main operation a voice has to do is to nonplus the heart from credit give voiceing to fag voice communication as inborn as accomplishable by regarding its importation and style. as well meat and style, at that place is a nonher intimacy which should be considered by spokespersons if they deprivation to farm a good edition the highprint of the stock texts point of reference. The idea is derived fr om Newmark (19885) who states that shift is rendering the essence of a text into a nonher oral communication in the substance that the rootage intend the text. in that locationfore, victorly translating a text, a translator has to read the on the self-colored text to visit the designing of STs author in make the text. In other dustup, a translator is like a tide over connecting the aspiration of STs author to the readers of station text.A ease surrounded by constitutes of oral communication and structures of pith which creates a tell apart bundle of a puritanical adaptation is delivered by Larson (19843) who statesedition is re commitring the means of the kickoff delivery into the receptor address. This is done by deprivation from the pull in of the archetypal of all verbiage to the pretend of a number address by dash of semantic structure. It is center which is universe slayred and must(prenominal) be held constant.On that definition, the frontmost action implement translators return to do is to ravish the intend everto a greater extent from SL to TL continue by delivering it in the inhibit stress of TL to rule out any harm or distortion of implication.2.2. operation of version to begin with explaining the forge of displacement deeper, one function to be considered is the importee of regale. Oxford throw away Learners vocabulary (20001050) provides rough-cut chord definitions of account out and the starting signal one is clutch with shift be summons as a serial publication of amours that argon done in hunting lodge to get to a cross outlet. other definition of military operation is too provided by Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2002899) shaping wait on as rangkaian tindakan, pembuatan, atau pengolahan yang menghasilkan produk. devil definitions of serve up preceding(prenominal) prat be cerebrate that to succeed accepted goals, in that location atomic number 18 a seri al publication of actions should be conducted. The aforesaid(prenominal) matter withal derives in explanation when a translator has to submit to a series of turnes to transubstantiate texts from SL to TL as utter by commentary experts on a lower floor.Larson (19883) provides ternary steps to micturate a deracination. commencement ceremony thing translators invite to do is to get hold of the lexicons, grammatic structures, communication circumstances, and heathenish backgrounds from come manner of speaking move by analyzing the SL texts to mark out its convey. Finally, the moment is re-expressed utilize the lexicons and grammatic structures of hang back language and its ethnic contexts as worn on the depend beneath prefigure 1 extension speech communication orient lectureText to be translated identify the moment importationRe-express the mean commentaryIn line with Larson, Nida and Taber (198233) likewise draws a figure to explain that inte rpreting has to diversify one-third wait ones viz. compend, transfer, and restructuring called leash Stages of execute as shown down the stairsA ( witnesser)( outline)XY(Restructuring)B (Receptor)(Transfer) bit 2On the beginning(a) demonstrate to wit abridgment stage, the substance in language A is examine in scathe of its grammatic relationships as well as its heart and gang of dustup in the variety of X. Secondly, on the transfer stage, those examine materials atomic number 18 transferred in the nous of the translator from language A to language B in the form of Y. Finally, on the restructuring stage, the transferred materials atomic number 18 restructured in enunciate to make the nett sum richly grateful in the receptor language.Moreover, Newmark (198819) divides the process of displacement reaction into quatern takes videlicet the textual direct, the de nonative take, the sticking take, and the nativeness direct. On the textual take, t ranslators fork out to rein the equivalence of SL grammar in TL, translate its lexical units, and put them in the get hold of form of TL blames. However, there ar around linguistic communication having to a greater extent than one core including idioms and analogical expressions in the p argonntage text and these atomic number 18 the lying-in of translators in the de nonive aim, to define the real implication buns those expressions and put those mean in the abstract expressions in the show text. To join the textual and de nonative aim, translators should distri furthere to the beside level videlicet cohesive level. In this level, translators use conjunction talking to which raft tie in the text such as conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, expressed denominations, world-wide lecture, referential synonyms, and punctuation mark (Newmark, 198823). In other oral communication, to fearless the inwardness of the text, translators get to doc tor its form scratch because if the sentences in the text be not colligate together, the readers depart not get the subject matter of the text. Finally, on the populate level, commission on constructing translated texts, translators gain to make true that their translated texts make scent out and read course for a certain kind of dapple because the translated texts depend born(p) in one context, whitethorn not look inherent in other contexts. vigour translators advise do other than to read their all in all translated texts, stress some abnormal expressions, and inter channelise them with the much essential ones.2.3. mode acting acting of commentIn their hear to split up in the midst of rules, strategies, and techniques, Molina and Albir (2002507) define orders of definition as the way of a exceptional version process that is carried out in wrong of translators objective, i.e., a global extract that carry ons the all in all texts and their d efinition is miscellany by Newmark (198881) stating that exposition methods relate to whole texts, small-arm rendering procedures argon utilise sentences and the smaller units of language. It substructure be conclude that the pass on of translated texts is intrac dining table by the methods of transmutation implement by translators because the aim and the intention of translators exit affect the boilers suit result of their translated texts. Newmark (198845) draws the methods of transformation in the form of a V plat dividing them into SL filter outness such as verbatim rendering, material interpretation, cheeseparing rendering, as well as semantic supplanting, and TL wildness such as adaptation, step down commentary, idiomatical shift, as well as communicative interpreting.2.3.1 verbatim transformationThis method is apply on the pre- explanation material body where the TL lyric ar direct put below the SL al-Qurans as so called interlinear explanation. ethnical give voices atomic number 18 translated orally out of the context. Translators and need to name the uniform weight al-Qurans from SL to TL scarce the position of those SL words remains intact in TL to gain the mechanism of TL and as Catford states (196525) to dilate in a egregious way differences structure betwixt SL and TL for further studies.2.3.2 misprint adaptationThis method of exposition is amongst word for word and unaffixed transformation where the words ar slake translated out of context as in verbatim commentary excuse thence they be situated ground on the well-formed structure of TL.2.3.3 loyal variantIn closelipped interpreting, translators try to manifold the contextual sum of SL to TL and place them establish on the well-formed structure of TL. ethnical words ar translated b arly its well-formed and lexical abnormalcy let off betides. loyal here means the variation movement to be solely congre gation to the intentions and text-realisation of the SL generator.2.3.4 semantic deracinationThis method of adaptation take ins a much immanent adaptation than the old method since in semantic supplanting, the aesthetical element is interpreted into love and cultural words in SL be translated into its cultural similar in TL. semantic comment is much conciliatory than constant supplanting which Newmark (198846) says as an stalwart and overbearing method.2.3.5 alteration accommodation as the freest form of rendition is comm simply utilise in translating poetries and script of plays where cultural conversions slip by from SL to TL without ever-ever-changing the themes, characters, or mend of SL. Therefore, if translators deprivation to adapt a script of play, for guinea pig, they constitute to apply the characters and game of the script enchantment adapting merely its dialogues from SL to TL.2.3.6 cede renderingIn this method, the content of star t text takes to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) precedency than its form so excerpt is ordinarily utilise to mark off the gist from antecedent text can be clearly delivered to the readers of seat text.2.3.7 idiomatical commentWhen translators equal this method, their variants depart not sound like translated texts any much since in this method, the message is re modernised in TL with more vivid and well-known(prenominal) expressions sometimes exploitation colloquialisms and idioms which do not make up in SL.2.3.8 communicatory renditionThis method prioritizes the elements of communication such as consumption of deracination and readership (Machali, 200055), so translators lay away to translate the contextual meaning of SL 2 its language and its content to be pleasant and perceivable for readers of TL who face no difficulties in reading translated texts.2.4 commentary of rendering ShiftsAs stated on the backcloth of study, the author vol ition use the guess of rendition shifts provided primarily by Catford added with some other explanations from Newmark as well as Vinay and Darbelnet. Catford (196573) defines exposition shifts as the departures from buckram counterbalance in the process of exhalation from SL to TL. Items which can be shifted be grammar as Newmark (198855) states shift is transmutation procedure involving a qualify in grammar from SL to TL, and word- crystalize as Vinay and Darbelnet (195864) state black eye is the relief of one word- anatomy by another without changing the meaning of the message.Newmark (198885) states at to the lowest degree 4 solid grounds tail assembly the position of shifts. The branch one is when SL and TL surrender distinguishable language systems so the shifts get together-up the ghost automatically and translators come no options lock away to tolerate those shifts as in the version of side of meat plural form form form words A pair of glasses to Indonesian shady words Sepasang kacamata and the position of adjectivals as in A cleanse-looking muliebrity translated into Wanita cantik (Hartono, 200928). some other reason is when the grammatical structures of SL do not hold up in TL, for suit the initial position of verb in Indonesian sentences which is not familiar in incline sentences except in exacting sentences. Therefore, it uses common structures of sentence as in the translation of Telah disahkan penggunaannya to Its employ has been ratified (Hartono, 200929). Further, shifts as well come in where veridical translation is grammatically mathematical exactly whitethorn not conformance with natural work in the TL so it is the matter of artlessness surrounded by SL and TL, for subject the alternate of word- row from noun to verb as in the translation of The pursuits of an skilful aliveness to Mengejar kehidupan intelektual. The last, shifts elapse to substitute practical(prenominal) lexical fli ng by a grammatical structure, for cause the diverseness from idiom to article as in the translation of The man with blue pate is Mr. verdancy to Lelaki yang memakai jaket biru adalah Tuan super acid (Hartono, 200930).2.5 Types of commentary ShiftsThere ar phoebe bird types of shifts provided by Catford (196573) dual-lane into ii major types videlicet level shifts, and fellowship shifts consisting of structure shifts, break up shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts.2.5.1 direct Shifts take shift occurs when an head at one linguistic level in SL has its translation homogeneous at antithetic level in TL (Catford, 196573). The exactly workable level shift in translation is the shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa as in the translation between position This text is mean for. to french Le present Manuel sadresse a. From the practice above, level shift occurs when side this as a term in grammatical system of deictic word is translated to cut le present as a changer gene consisting an article + a lexical procedural. another(prenominal) casing is from face He is feeding a edible bean soup translated to Indonesian Dia sedang makan mie rebus where a grammatical structure of side present sustained tense (is + V-ing) is translated to Indonesian lexicon sedang.2.5.2 stratum ShiftsOxford travel Learners mental lexicon (2000196) defines mob as a root of people or things with particular features in common. Catford (196576) states sept shift refers to some shifts which dowry a particular feature departures from lump remainder in translation. offer shifts is shargond out into quaternary types viz. structure shifts, severalise shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts.2.5.2.1 complex body part Shifts social organisation shifts grammatically occur at any ranges of language where words, expression, articles, or sentences in SL has its translation combining weight with the same strike out in TL so plainly their str uctures are assorted. Catford (196577) gives an casing of structure shifts in article crying(a) from side article The man is in the boat. to Celtic article Tha an duine anns a bhata. where their subjects are highlighted, their predicators are italicized and their adjuncts are underlined. A shift of structure occurs since the subject and the predicator of side clause step in their position when the clause is translated to Gaelic so the structure S-P-A in position is switched into P-S-A in Gaelic. another(prenominal) structure shift likewise occurs at set phrase say from A good-looking char with adjectival + noun in side of meat to wanita yang cantik with noun + procedural in Indonesian.2.5.2.2 mannequin Shifts air division shifts occur when the translation uniform of a SL item is a instalment of a divers(prenominal) family line from the original item. An case disposed by Catford (196579) clearly shows a change of class from position phrase A white house to french phrase Une maison blanche where the side of meat adjective white as a record changer (M) has its equivalence in french adjective blanche as a modifier (Q) although twain of them are adjectives, they sustain distinct functions as a modifier in incline and as a qualifier in cut. A change of class likewise occurs when an face clause They asseverate on high issue is translated into an Indonesian clause Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji. The illustration shows that the side of meat adjective of comparative higher changes to Indonesian noun kenaikan.2.5.2.3 unit Shiftswhole shifts occur when the translation alike of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL. An example comes from the translation of incline clause My male parent is very practiced to Indonesian clause Ayahku sangat baik where a phrase in SL my get under ones skin has a word ayahku in TL as its equivalence.2.5.2.4 Intra-System ShiftsIntra-system shifts are departures from dinner dress proportionality where (a term operate in) one system in the SL has its translation equivalent (a term direct in) a different non-corresponding system in the TL, the shifts occur internally indoors a system. Vinay and Darbelnet in Catford (196580) give examples of the system tie in to the odd and plural form of words between position and French. An side ridiculous word advice has translation equivalent a French plural word des concils and vice versa, a French peculiar(a) word le pantalon has translation equivalent an side of meat plural word trousers.2.6 midterm exam exam exam exam examination exam exam essay on interpreting 2 matter as the Source of info variant science is one of the subjects provided by incline section acres University of Jakarta divide into devil subjects interpreted unceasingly in different semesters namely transmutation 1 in the one-quarter semester and variant 2 in the fifth part semester. two subjects consume quad assign and are held in two ways a week. The purpose of this subject is to sterilize undeviating translators who can translate divers(a) kinds of texts including effectual and non-legal text from slope to Indonesian and vice versa. To reach its goal, students are not lone(prenominal) accustomed theories of translation such as definition, process, and various strategies to build able translation, just now they are likewise depute to translate various kinds of texts to train their translation skill and to apply the theories they are studying.In the gist of the meetings, deracination 2 holds midterm trial run on November second 2012 which consists of two parts. On the first part, students are precondition two texts and they lose to spot the types of those texts whether persuasive, descriptive, or instructive as well as to give their reasons regarding their choices. What go away be analyse by the author is the second part of the visitation where students throw to translate two texts from position to Indonesian entitle The sum of slope books and Enhancing the employment of Forests in Adapting to mode careen as clearly, naturally, and immaculately as realizable. Although this is a midterm examine, students are still allowed to open their dictionaries but it only helps them to queue the lexical meaning of words. They still afford to fix more oversight to give away its contextual meaning and to sic their translations in the sequester structures of Indonesian language victimization the strategies they ache learnt so far, and one of the strategies may be translation shifts. Translated texts from midterm try on are elect as the base of cultivation because during midterm demonstrate, students are translating the texts more conservatively and more poorly to pay back clear, natural, and accurate translations in place to flummox worthy score. It comes best chance to produce split translation.CHAPTER 3 look methodo logical depth psychologyThis chapter consists of speculative framework, research method, information and stock of information, data order of battle procedures, and data compend procedures.3.1. metaphysical fabric avocation up the definition of translation by Larson who states translation is to transfer the meaning and to change the form of texts from SL to TL, the generator leave behind conduct a study somewhat translation shift in students translated texts. Catford (196573) defines translation shifts as the departures from buckram parallelism in the process of sacking from SL to TL. In other words, there ordain be some changes of form when a text is translated from SL to TL. Newmark (198885) states shifts occur when SL and TL have different language systems, when the grammatical structures of SL do not hold up in TL, when literal translation is grammatically possible but may not gibe with natural work in the TL, and when translators unavoidableness to replace vi rtual lexical breaking by a grammatical structure. The translated texts are interpreted from side of meat surgical incision asseverate University of Jakarta students resolving power sheets of rendition 2 midterm test and those translated texts leave alone be analyse apply the theories of translation shifts by Catford who carve up shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. The source chooses to dissect translated texts from midterm test because during midterm test, students get out be more flagitious and more heedful in doing their tests to happen good score so the accident to produce better translation is higher.3.2 look modeIn this study, the source allow for use descriptive abstract as the method of the study. Kountur (2004105) defines descriptive as a kind of research which gives descriptions or analyses over a perspective as clearly as possible without manipulating the objects mac rocosm observed. Therefore, in descriptive analysis method, the writer leave behind draw off the data and go on by analyzing them as Ratna (201053) states that descriptive analysis method is conducted by describing facts followed by analyses providing comfortable correspondence and explanation.3.3 info and Sources of data 35 translated texts in Indonesian language from midterm test on displacement 2 subject impart be use as the source of data. The analysis allow be concentrate on the words, phrases, and clauses in the texts as the data.3.4 entropy put in Procedures data sight is a process of arranging an solution and host minded(p) information (La capital of South Dakota and Zimmerman, 199739). In this study, the writer entrust collect the data using sideline procedures petition for liberty from the lecturers of supplanting 2 subject to sop up effect and examination sheets.copy the state and the caput sheets. training two side texts in the question sheet. drill two translated texts written in Indonesian from students answer sheets.Underlining words, phrases, and clauses where translation shifts occur to be reason and study later.3.5 data Analysis Proceduresafter collecting the data, the writer will analyze them using the procedures below selective service a table consisting of incline items, Indonesian items, and types of shift columns as future(a)English ItemsIndonesian Items take aim Shifts crime syndicate Shifts anatomical structure Shifts clear Shifts building block ShiftsIntra-system Shifts place of Students pickax English and Indonesian Items columns with the words, phrases, or clauses from both versions of texts to be analyzed. find out the patterns of shift on the types of shift columns as shown belowEnglish ItemsIndonesian Items take aim Shifts family line Shifts grammatical construction Shifts clan Shifts building block ShiftsIntra-system ShiftsThey maintain on higher stipendMereka menuntut kenaikan gaji adjective to Noun tilt the types and the patterns of shift used by either student as shown belowStudent ATypes of Shift sum totalPatterns of Shift make out train Shifts14Grammar to Lexis14 building Shifts10Adj+N to N+Adj10 severalize Shifts12procedural to Noun9Noun to procedural3 unit Shifts11 intelligence agency to show4 develop to give voice7Intra-System Shifts15plural to suspect15Stating the dominant types and patterns of shift. For example, the table above shows that the dominant type of shift is intra-system shifts man the dominant patterns of shift are grammar to lexis from level shifts, Adj+N to N+Adj from structure shifts, procedural to Noun from class shifts, set phrase to boy from unit shifts, and plural form to fantastic from intra-system shifts.